So far, we are always jammed to share programming techniques "advanced". So much so that we eventually forget what the real essence of sophisticated programming techniques are swallowed oceans methodology.
Take for example the most popular is about OOP (Object Oriented Programming) ... all agree this is better than procedural, and rightly so ... but have we ever think what makes it better? Re-usable? Is not procedural library that could also have dicall, mean re-usable as well? Inheritance? Ok ... but why? Is it because the code is less? Is the difference that only a few lines of code, and in many cases only a few characters, can be called a better programming technique? Whether because it can reduce the bug? Ok can reduce bugs ... but why could reduce the bug?
With this thread I try to invite the lovers of programming to return to things that are most simple and essential first, so we are not getting swallowed up by blah blah unfounded that eventually tends to be a myth, and can answer all the questions above with REAL EXAMPLE. Not with the buzz of the abstract is not clear about encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism ...
Senin, 27 Juni 2011
Basic Tips Being a Programmer
I will explain to you all is basically just a programmer.
1. Learn about logic, etc. Discrete Matimatika.
2. Mastered at least one subject. For example, calculus. Although calculus is not directly required to learn programming but many programming paradigms require mathematical ability.
3.Setidaknya conception of the program learned techniques. This would be useful if you are already advanced in memprograman.Yaitu ..
1 Flow Charting
2.Pseudo-code
3. Unified Modeling Language
4. Object Relational Mapping
4. Studying the concept of databases.
5. Learn programming paradigm. Like, procedural, object oriented, functional, logic and declarative programming.
And then it depends whether you want to be a Web Programmer, Programmer desktop applications, Distribution Applications Programmer, Systems Programmer or Programmer Scientists.
Thanks Discussion. Hope can build again.
1. Learn about logic, etc. Discrete Matimatika.
2. Mastered at least one subject. For example, calculus. Although calculus is not directly required to learn programming but many programming paradigms require mathematical ability.
3.Setidaknya conception of the program learned techniques. This would be useful if you are already advanced in memprograman.Yaitu ..
1 Flow Charting
2.Pseudo-code
3. Unified Modeling Language
4. Object Relational Mapping
4. Studying the concept of databases.
5. Learn programming paradigm. Like, procedural, object oriented, functional, logic and declarative programming.
And then it depends whether you want to be a Web Programmer, Programmer desktop applications, Distribution Applications Programmer, Systems Programmer or Programmer Scientists.
Thanks Discussion. Hope can build again.
Minggu, 26 Juni 2011
Basic Programming
Computers are a tool of the settlement. If you want to be a programmer, you should use a lightweight software first so you learn little by little, if you directly use the software for programmers Profeassional, you will become confused and difficult to learn, just start from Adobe before too long if you are able to control, you try wearing a rather heavy software from Adobe, if you have mastered it, try the other software bit by sedikit.maka maybe you can become a famous programmer and can create a command code carefully.
Pemrigraman basis, in all the components that need to be taught in any programming, although the implementation and construction akansangat ways depending on the paradigms and language pemrogramanya
Pemrigraman basis, in all the components that need to be taught in any programming, although the implementation and construction akansangat ways depending on the paradigms and language pemrogramanya
Programming techniques
BASIC TERMS
The program is a word, expression, statement, or a combination of structured and assembled into a single unified procedure of the sequence of steps to settle the problems diimpementasikan using a programming language that can be executed by a computer
Programming Language is a procedure / procedure for writing the program. In programming languages there are two important factors, yaiut syntax and semantics.Sintax is grammatical rules that govern the procedure of writing the wordSemantics is the rule to declare a meaning.Programming is the process of implementing the sequence of steps to resolve the problem by using a programming languageTersetruktur Programming is the process of implementing the sequence of steps to solve a problem in the form of programs that have a structured design and uncomplicated, so easy to navigate, conceived and developed by anyone
Characteristics of programming techniques tersetruktur- Contains troubleshooting techniques appropriate and correct- Have a problem pemecehan algorithms that are simple, standard and effective way to solve the problem- Technical writing program has the correct logical structure and easily understood- The program consisted solely of three basic structures, namely the sequence structure, looping structure and selection structure- Avoiding the use of the goto command- Requires a low-cost testing- Having good documentation- Requires maintenance and development costs are low
Standard programming- Truth logic and writingThe program must have the accuracy, thoroughness and truth dalah calculations so that results can be trusted- The maximum speed of program execution, (influenced by):The programming language used, the algorithm developed, the hardware used
Writing courses- Write a program not only is the creative application of scientific disciplines tetapai is closely,- A good programmer should be able to provide the right solution and right- Criteria for a good programmer:Able to develop good problem solving, Mastering the language of the programs, Able to write programs with good technique, able to put together a program with goodCan cooperate with a work team, to work efficiently and on time.
Phase Build program- Understand the problems faced- Write down the step completion of the program (algorithm)- Write a program using a programming language- Testing and repair program- Maintenance- Documentation
PROGRAM STRUCTUREa simple program only consists of three structures, namely:- The structure of sequence (Sequence structure)Is a structure of the simplest programs. where each line of the program will be done in sequence from top to bottom.- The structure of the decision (Selection structure)Are structures that perform the testing program to make a decision whether a program block will be processed or not- The structure of iteration (looping structure)In this structure there is the program that worked over and over again during the full iteration met
The program is a word, expression, statement, or a combination of structured and assembled into a single unified procedure of the sequence of steps to settle the problems diimpementasikan using a programming language that can be executed by a computer
Programming Language is a procedure / procedure for writing the program. In programming languages there are two important factors, yaiut syntax and semantics.Sintax is grammatical rules that govern the procedure of writing the wordSemantics is the rule to declare a meaning.Programming is the process of implementing the sequence of steps to resolve the problem by using a programming languageTersetruktur Programming is the process of implementing the sequence of steps to solve a problem in the form of programs that have a structured design and uncomplicated, so easy to navigate, conceived and developed by anyone
Characteristics of programming techniques tersetruktur- Contains troubleshooting techniques appropriate and correct- Have a problem pemecehan algorithms that are simple, standard and effective way to solve the problem- Technical writing program has the correct logical structure and easily understood- The program consisted solely of three basic structures, namely the sequence structure, looping structure and selection structure- Avoiding the use of the goto command- Requires a low-cost testing- Having good documentation- Requires maintenance and development costs are low
Standard programming- Truth logic and writingThe program must have the accuracy, thoroughness and truth dalah calculations so that results can be trusted- The maximum speed of program execution, (influenced by):The programming language used, the algorithm developed, the hardware used
Writing courses- Write a program not only is the creative application of scientific disciplines tetapai is closely,- A good programmer should be able to provide the right solution and right- Criteria for a good programmer:Able to develop good problem solving, Mastering the language of the programs, Able to write programs with good technique, able to put together a program with goodCan cooperate with a work team, to work efficiently and on time.
Phase Build program- Understand the problems faced- Write down the step completion of the program (algorithm)- Write a program using a programming language- Testing and repair program- Maintenance- Documentation
PROGRAM STRUCTUREa simple program only consists of three structures, namely:- The structure of sequence (Sequence structure)Is a structure of the simplest programs. where each line of the program will be done in sequence from top to bottom.- The structure of the decision (Selection structure)Are structures that perform the testing program to make a decision whether a program block will be processed or not- The structure of iteration (looping structure)In this structure there is the program that worked over and over again during the full iteration met
Basic Concepts of Programming with Java
Is Java?
Java is object-oriented programming language developed by Sun Microsystems since 1991. This language was developed with a model that is similar to C + + and Smalltalk, but is designed for easy use and platform independent, which can run on different types of operating systems and computer architecture. The language is also designed for programming on the Internet that is designed to be secure and portable.
Platform Independent
Platform independent means that programs written in Java can be easily transferred between different types of operating systems and various types of computer architectures. This aspect is very important to be able to achieve the purpose of Java as an Internet programming language where a program will be run by different types of computers with different types of operating systems. This property applies to the level of source code and binary code from Java programs. Unlike the C language and C + +, all data types in the Java language has a size that is consistent across all types of platforms. Java source code program itself does not need to be changed at all if you want to recompile on other platforms. The results of the compile Java source code is not machine code or processor instructions that are specific to a particular machine, but rather a form of bytecode files ending in. Class. Bytecode execution can direct you at each platform using the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) as the interpreter of the bytecode.
JVM itself is an application that runs on top of an operating system and translates and executes Java bytecode programs, so that the concept can be regarded as an interpreter. The process of executing Java programs can be depicted as in Figure 1. In this way, a Java program that has been compiled to be run on any platform, provided there is a JVM in there.
Compiler and interpreter for Java programs shaped the Java Development Kit (JDK) manufactured by Sun Microsystems. JDK can be downloaded for free from java.sun.com site. Interpreter for the Java program itself is often also called the Java Runtime or Java Virtual Machine. Java interpreter, without a compiler, called the Java Runtime Environment (JRE) can be downloaded also at the same site. To develop the required JDK Java programs, whereas if you just want to run Java bytecode enough with JRE alone. However, to execute an applet (a Java bytecode as well) you usually do not need to download the JRE for the Java-enabled browser has its own JVM.
Library
In addition to the compiler and interpreter, the Java language itself has a fairly large library that can facilitate you in making an application quickly. This library has been included for graphics, user interface design, cryptography, network, sound, databases, and others.
OO
Java is object-oriented programming language. Explicitly object-oriented programming is a technique for organizing the program and can be done with almost any programming language. But Java itself has implemented various facilities so that a programmer can optimize object-oriented programming techniques.
Little additional comparison with C and C + +, Java inherited many object-oriented concepts of C + +, but by eliminating aspects of complexity in C + + without reducing its strength. It is easier for novice programmers to learn Java, but reduce the flexibility programmers experienced in tinkering with a program. Behind the convenience offered by Java, the extent of its own Java library facilities to make a programmer takes a short not to be able to master the use of these libraries.
Starting the Java Programming
To create a Java program, as previously mentioned, you need a JDK. JDK installation process is very easy and requires no specific knowledge. But to use it you need to make some adjustments to your operating system. Generally you need to do is enter the path to your JDK directory to the path settings in your operating system. Suppose your JDK directory is C: \ JDK1.4 on Windows 98 then you can simply add the command line SET PATH = C: \ JDK1.4 \ bin to your autoexec.bat file. For Windows NT/2000/XP you can simply add the directory C: \ JDK1.4 \ bin to the path variable in the System Environment. Here's how: Right-click the My Computer icon, select Properties. Then select the Advanced tab. Then click the button Environment Variables, find the path variable, then add the path to your JDK directory into the variable. For Linux, add the command line SET CLASSPATH = (your jdk directory) to your profile file. To try JDK, type java and javac commands in a shell prompt (or DOS Command Prompt). If the command is already known then the program java or javac will display the usage syntax. For convenience and a variety of additional facilities you can use the Integrated Development Environment (IDE) for Java language such as Visual Café from Symantec or JBuilder from Borland.
Sequence of steps that you must do to create a simple Java program are:
Creating a program's source code with any text editor. Remember, the file must be ending. Java and case sensitive.
Compile the source code with the javac command. For example: javac HelloWorld.java. If successful, the result is a bytecode file ends in. Class.
Executing the command java bytecode. The parameters of this command is the file name without extension compilation. Class. Example: java HelloWorld.
Java is object-oriented programming language developed by Sun Microsystems since 1991. This language was developed with a model that is similar to C + + and Smalltalk, but is designed for easy use and platform independent, which can run on different types of operating systems and computer architecture. The language is also designed for programming on the Internet that is designed to be secure and portable.
Platform Independent
Platform independent means that programs written in Java can be easily transferred between different types of operating systems and various types of computer architectures. This aspect is very important to be able to achieve the purpose of Java as an Internet programming language where a program will be run by different types of computers with different types of operating systems. This property applies to the level of source code and binary code from Java programs. Unlike the C language and C + +, all data types in the Java language has a size that is consistent across all types of platforms. Java source code program itself does not need to be changed at all if you want to recompile on other platforms. The results of the compile Java source code is not machine code or processor instructions that are specific to a particular machine, but rather a form of bytecode files ending in. Class. Bytecode execution can direct you at each platform using the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) as the interpreter of the bytecode.
JVM itself is an application that runs on top of an operating system and translates and executes Java bytecode programs, so that the concept can be regarded as an interpreter. The process of executing Java programs can be depicted as in Figure 1. In this way, a Java program that has been compiled to be run on any platform, provided there is a JVM in there.
Compiler and interpreter for Java programs shaped the Java Development Kit (JDK) manufactured by Sun Microsystems. JDK can be downloaded for free from java.sun.com site. Interpreter for the Java program itself is often also called the Java Runtime or Java Virtual Machine. Java interpreter, without a compiler, called the Java Runtime Environment (JRE) can be downloaded also at the same site. To develop the required JDK Java programs, whereas if you just want to run Java bytecode enough with JRE alone. However, to execute an applet (a Java bytecode as well) you usually do not need to download the JRE for the Java-enabled browser has its own JVM.
Library
In addition to the compiler and interpreter, the Java language itself has a fairly large library that can facilitate you in making an application quickly. This library has been included for graphics, user interface design, cryptography, network, sound, databases, and others.
OO
Java is object-oriented programming language. Explicitly object-oriented programming is a technique for organizing the program and can be done with almost any programming language. But Java itself has implemented various facilities so that a programmer can optimize object-oriented programming techniques.
Little additional comparison with C and C + +, Java inherited many object-oriented concepts of C + +, but by eliminating aspects of complexity in C + + without reducing its strength. It is easier for novice programmers to learn Java, but reduce the flexibility programmers experienced in tinkering with a program. Behind the convenience offered by Java, the extent of its own Java library facilities to make a programmer takes a short not to be able to master the use of these libraries.
Starting the Java Programming
To create a Java program, as previously mentioned, you need a JDK. JDK installation process is very easy and requires no specific knowledge. But to use it you need to make some adjustments to your operating system. Generally you need to do is enter the path to your JDK directory to the path settings in your operating system. Suppose your JDK directory is C: \ JDK1.4 on Windows 98 then you can simply add the command line SET PATH = C: \ JDK1.4 \ bin to your autoexec.bat file. For Windows NT/2000/XP you can simply add the directory C: \ JDK1.4 \ bin to the path variable in the System Environment. Here's how: Right-click the My Computer icon, select Properties. Then select the Advanced tab. Then click the button Environment Variables, find the path variable, then add the path to your JDK directory into the variable. For Linux, add the command line SET CLASSPATH = (your jdk directory) to your profile file. To try JDK, type java and javac commands in a shell prompt (or DOS Command Prompt). If the command is already known then the program java or javac will display the usage syntax. For convenience and a variety of additional facilities you can use the Integrated Development Environment (IDE) for Java language such as Visual Café from Symantec or JBuilder from Borland.
Sequence of steps that you must do to create a simple Java program are:
Creating a program's source code with any text editor. Remember, the file must be ending. Java and case sensitive.
Compile the source code with the javac command. For example: javac HelloWorld.java. If successful, the result is a bytecode file ends in. Class.
Executing the command java bytecode. The parameters of this command is the file name without extension compilation. Class. Example: java HelloWorld.
Post-Basic and Delphi Programming
I. DELPHI PASCAL BUT ARE NOT DELPHI PASCAL
Delphi is a programming language that bersipat Objects (Object Oriented Programming) means it is a program that has certain objects in its programming. Besides Delphi is a visual program that is meant to have the graphs display that is easily understood by beginners though (Graphical user Interface). With Delphi you can create programs with a charming appearance, Delphi can only work under System Microsoft Windows while for other systems such as Linux or Unix Delphi has a twin brother who can work on these systems is Kylix.
Syntax-syntax on the adoption of the Delphi Pascal language, for it is in the basics of Delphi tutorial, I will invite you into the past where computer programming while still using the system 16 BIT PASCAL language before you are taken to study the Delphi Programming. If you can already PASCAL language you can skip this introduction about the language Pascal.
Why do I take you first to the language Pascal indirectly to Delphi?, By knowing the basics of the pascal language, you will be easy to learn Delphi programming syntax for all that there is in pascals with Delphi language syntax, but the syntax in Delphi can not be adopted to pascal because that's the title I gave this introduction to Delphi Pascal but Pascal is not delphi.
Delphi is a programming language that bersipat Objects (Object Oriented Programming) means it is a program that has certain objects in its programming. Besides Delphi is a visual program that is meant to have the graphs display that is easily understood by beginners though (Graphical user Interface). With Delphi you can create programs with a charming appearance, Delphi can only work under System Microsoft Windows while for other systems such as Linux or Unix Delphi has a twin brother who can work on these systems is Kylix.
Syntax-syntax on the adoption of the Delphi Pascal language, for it is in the basics of Delphi tutorial, I will invite you into the past where computer programming while still using the system 16 BIT PASCAL language before you are taken to study the Delphi Programming. If you can already PASCAL language you can skip this introduction about the language Pascal.
Why do I take you first to the language Pascal indirectly to Delphi?, By knowing the basics of the pascal language, you will be easy to learn Delphi programming syntax for all that there is in pascals with Delphi language syntax, but the syntax in Delphi can not be adopted to pascal because that's the title I gave this introduction to Delphi Pascal but Pascal is not delphi.
Kamis, 23 Juni 2011
Windows 8
TEMPO Interactive, Jakarta - Microsoft reportedly will launch the Windows 8 in two years. The news was revealed on the comments sent in a Microsoft blog post on the Dutch-speaking. Post it on the celebration of a year of Windows 7.
In the commentary it is mentioned that Microsoft is still working on the next version of Windows. But a spokesman for Microsoft declined to comment on the content of the blog.
The news about Windows is heard since last June. At that time, in a presentation that leaked to the public, stated that Microsoft was working on the latest version of Windows. In the presentation it was mentioned that Microsoft's engineers wanted to increase the speed of the current Windows starts and when you wake up from sleep, increased energy efficiency. Windows latest version will also include a store Windows applications, such as those designed for the Apple Mac computers last week. Users can login with facial recognition technology.
Many people suspect that Microsoft will not replicate the history of the release of Windows XP and Windows Vista that stretched far enough, which is five years. Then the distance between Vista and Windows 7 is two and a half years.
These conditions could make Microsoft CEO Ballmer commented that Microsoft will not repeat it again. This means, there is the possibility of Windows 8 will be launched as the news was revealed.
Here goes a video concept for Windows 8 ....
In the commentary it is mentioned that Microsoft is still working on the next version of Windows. But a spokesman for Microsoft declined to comment on the content of the blog.
The news about Windows is heard since last June. At that time, in a presentation that leaked to the public, stated that Microsoft was working on the latest version of Windows. In the presentation it was mentioned that Microsoft's engineers wanted to increase the speed of the current Windows starts and when you wake up from sleep, increased energy efficiency. Windows latest version will also include a store Windows applications, such as those designed for the Apple Mac computers last week. Users can login with facial recognition technology.
Many people suspect that Microsoft will not replicate the history of the release of Windows XP and Windows Vista that stretched far enough, which is five years. Then the distance between Vista and Windows 7 is two and a half years.
These conditions could make Microsoft CEO Ballmer commented that Microsoft will not repeat it again. This means, there is the possibility of Windows 8 will be launched as the news was revealed.
Here goes a video concept for Windows 8 ....
Senin, 20 Juni 2011
Comparison with the American Programmer Indonesia
Today information technology is developing very rapidly, almost all activities conducted at this time utilizing the technology. For example communication activity, business, education and so on. So it is not an exaggeration to say that information technology is a social tool, because the fact that information technology is used intensively in various communities such as institutions, organizations, companies, and others. Besides it takes a good moral, as well as a great responsibility and in accordance with applicable law, ethics also has a very important role.
So it can be concluded that ethics is a set of beliefs, standards, or thoughts that fill an individual, group or community. Programmer or Service Programming systems should be supported enough experience. Not only must understand in detail about how developing your a system, but also must be able to animate the system
· Profession of a Programmer can be grouped into several areas as follows:
Programmer
Programmers are individuals who served in terms of implementation details, packaging, and modification of algorithms and data structures, written in a particular programming language. Job Description:
o Write a program (coding) by using programming
o Understand the concept of databases.
o Able to operate a database application.
o Conduct testing of application programs.
o Conduct an analysis of the application program.
o Conduct research, design, documentation and modifications to the application software.
o Perform analysis and repair the damage (errors) in software with precise and accurate manner
o Provide status reports required application.
ØDatabase Programmer
Programmers who mastered the design and database programming using Application Server OR Ms.Sql Ms.Access and PL / SQL and Oracle Forms Developer 10g.
Ø Web Programmer
Programmer web master HTML-based web application development and web-based application OR ASP.Net HTML and J2EE and Struts Framework is a web-based application OR MySQL and PHP.
Ø Multimedia Programmer
Multimedia programmer who mastered the use of technology and multimedia-based application development.
Ø Embedded Programmer
Programmers who mastered the system microprocessor architecture, interfacing and programming embedded.
· Code Programmer
o A programmer should not write code that is hard to follow deliberately.
o A programmer should not be written documentation on purpose to confuse or inaccurate.
o A programmer should not be reusing code by copyright unless it has purchased or been asked for permission.
o They should not seek additional benefits from projects funded by both parties without permission.
· Skills Should Include A Programmer
oMembaca source code of a program, from simple to relatively complex, is a skill that must be owned by a programmer.
oImplementasi an algorithm that modifies a form of data structures in a program can be adapted into a program of our own making with context and data structures are completely different
omplementasi an algorithm that modifies a form of data structures in a program can be adapted into a program of our own making with context and data structures are completely different
· Liability Programmer
oMemahami basic concepts of operating systems. Most of Indonesia typically programmers create applications on top of the operating system, so many argue that it is not necessary to understand the workings of operating systems
oMemahami basic concepts of networking. An application can not walk alone. The application must be related to the Internet, serving many users
oMemahami basic concepts of relational databases. Each application must have a database in data storage for the programmer specifically emphasized Database Programmer master relational database.
oLebih from one programming language. Understanding more than one language it is important that the programmer insight into more open.
· Attitudes Against Client Programmer
oMempunyai good attitude & personality, communicative, adaptable to working environment, agile & flexible.
oMampu oriented work schedules, project manage multiple jobs and work together as a team.
oMembuat contracts with clients.
oMenyukai and understand the basics of programming.
· CASE
I take the example of a job in IT field in professional programmer, because the profession is currently the most popular profession in Indonesia (viewable on What IT Professionals Hot in Indonesia). Now we are one by one surgical professional requirements are:
Experienced in using Java technology for web-based application
Programming skills in J2EE and JSP 1.3 or later
Judging from these two requirements the concept of web-based application in Java programming is located in the newest version of the current J2EE JEE6. Any part of the JEE JSP so that two requirements must be controlled by software engineer java or Java programmer.
Knowledge in MVC design concept.
Knowledge in Frameworks and components: Struts, iBATIS and Hibernate.
Two of the above requirements between the framework and the MVC for now this should be controlled by Java programmers to simplify the software development with Model-View-Controller which are parts of the work of a software in a team.
Database programming skills (PL / SQL) with RDBMS systems.
Reports development skills with reporting tools: Crystal Reports and Jasper Report Will be a plus
A programmer must also be able to master database for data storage and reporting needs of the company. Although Java can be used Crystal Report is usually the equivalent of a Java program to the database or the Jasper Report iReport, because Crystal Reports is used by a VB program.
Experiences in application development using the IDE: Eclipse
Experiences with CVS for code versioning and software configuration management Will be a plus.
Experience using an IDE Interface Development Environment that is where the writing source code using a visual platform making it easier for programmers to create programs. Experience with CVS for her concurency a version of the program.
Experiences with the Java Application Server Tomcat and JBoss software Will be a plus.
The use of web-based Java programs do have to know, understand and can use server applications like apache with PHPnya. Similarly, Java programmers with Tomcat or JBoss her.
Requirements given from the company deserved to be mastered by a Java programmer. Final words to be entered in a qualifying good job in the IT field as well as in other fields, we also have to always hone the skills needed
The comparison:
In my opinion, standard IT profession in Indonesia is still far behind with professional standards in some developed countries. For example in the Americas. Value specifications requested on a job in developed countries more in line with the profession and the salary being offered compared to our country.
Value specifications to prospective IT professionals in developed countries, really have to be experts in the field of IT. Not only the value of the requested Hardskill, also greatly affects the value of soft skill to be able to take the profession. Then, the old pegalaman the requested work in developed countries is longer than in our country.
This is done in order to get the HR can really start work on offer. And in order to obtain human resources could actually be responsible da disiplin.Di developed countries, more equitable system of recruitment compared to here. Here (our country), who wants to work should have a 3D (Duit, Dekking (people in), or Shaman). Therefore I hope it can be changed immediately, and soon our country into the developed world too!
So it can be concluded that ethics is a set of beliefs, standards, or thoughts that fill an individual, group or community. Programmer or Service Programming systems should be supported enough experience. Not only must understand in detail about how developing your a system, but also must be able to animate the system
· Profession of a Programmer can be grouped into several areas as follows:
Programmer
Programmers are individuals who served in terms of implementation details, packaging, and modification of algorithms and data structures, written in a particular programming language. Job Description:
o Write a program (coding) by using programming
o Understand the concept of databases.
o Able to operate a database application.
o Conduct testing of application programs.
o Conduct an analysis of the application program.
o Conduct research, design, documentation and modifications to the application software.
o Perform analysis and repair the damage (errors) in software with precise and accurate manner
o Provide status reports required application.
ØDatabase Programmer
Programmers who mastered the design and database programming using Application Server OR Ms.Sql Ms.Access and PL / SQL and Oracle Forms Developer 10g.
Ø Web Programmer
Programmer web master HTML-based web application development and web-based application OR ASP.Net HTML and J2EE and Struts Framework is a web-based application OR MySQL and PHP.
Ø Multimedia Programmer
Multimedia programmer who mastered the use of technology and multimedia-based application development.
Ø Embedded Programmer
Programmers who mastered the system microprocessor architecture, interfacing and programming embedded.
· Code Programmer
o A programmer should not write code that is hard to follow deliberately.
o A programmer should not be written documentation on purpose to confuse or inaccurate.
o A programmer should not be reusing code by copyright unless it has purchased or been asked for permission.
o They should not seek additional benefits from projects funded by both parties without permission.
· Skills Should Include A Programmer
oMembaca source code of a program, from simple to relatively complex, is a skill that must be owned by a programmer.
oImplementasi an algorithm that modifies a form of data structures in a program can be adapted into a program of our own making with context and data structures are completely different
omplementasi an algorithm that modifies a form of data structures in a program can be adapted into a program of our own making with context and data structures are completely different
· Liability Programmer
oMemahami basic concepts of operating systems. Most of Indonesia typically programmers create applications on top of the operating system, so many argue that it is not necessary to understand the workings of operating systems
oMemahami basic concepts of networking. An application can not walk alone. The application must be related to the Internet, serving many users
oMemahami basic concepts of relational databases. Each application must have a database in data storage for the programmer specifically emphasized Database Programmer master relational database.
oLebih from one programming language. Understanding more than one language it is important that the programmer insight into more open.
· Attitudes Against Client Programmer
oMempunyai good attitude & personality, communicative, adaptable to working environment, agile & flexible.
oMampu oriented work schedules, project manage multiple jobs and work together as a team.
oMembuat contracts with clients.
oMenyukai and understand the basics of programming.
· CASE
I take the example of a job in IT field in professional programmer, because the profession is currently the most popular profession in Indonesia (viewable on What IT Professionals Hot in Indonesia). Now we are one by one surgical professional requirements are:
Experienced in using Java technology for web-based application
Programming skills in J2EE and JSP 1.3 or later
Judging from these two requirements the concept of web-based application in Java programming is located in the newest version of the current J2EE JEE6. Any part of the JEE JSP so that two requirements must be controlled by software engineer java or Java programmer.
Knowledge in MVC design concept.
Knowledge in Frameworks and components: Struts, iBATIS and Hibernate.
Two of the above requirements between the framework and the MVC for now this should be controlled by Java programmers to simplify the software development with Model-View-Controller which are parts of the work of a software in a team.
Database programming skills (PL / SQL) with RDBMS systems.
Reports development skills with reporting tools: Crystal Reports and Jasper Report Will be a plus
A programmer must also be able to master database for data storage and reporting needs of the company. Although Java can be used Crystal Report is usually the equivalent of a Java program to the database or the Jasper Report iReport, because Crystal Reports is used by a VB program.
Experiences in application development using the IDE: Eclipse
Experiences with CVS for code versioning and software configuration management Will be a plus.
Experience using an IDE Interface Development Environment that is where the writing source code using a visual platform making it easier for programmers to create programs. Experience with CVS for her concurency a version of the program.
Experiences with the Java Application Server Tomcat and JBoss software Will be a plus.
The use of web-based Java programs do have to know, understand and can use server applications like apache with PHPnya. Similarly, Java programmers with Tomcat or JBoss her.
Requirements given from the company deserved to be mastered by a Java programmer. Final words to be entered in a qualifying good job in the IT field as well as in other fields, we also have to always hone the skills needed
The comparison:
In my opinion, standard IT profession in Indonesia is still far behind with professional standards in some developed countries. For example in the Americas. Value specifications requested on a job in developed countries more in line with the profession and the salary being offered compared to our country.
Value specifications to prospective IT professionals in developed countries, really have to be experts in the field of IT. Not only the value of the requested Hardskill, also greatly affects the value of soft skill to be able to take the profession. Then, the old pegalaman the requested work in developed countries is longer than in our country.
This is done in order to get the HR can really start work on offer. And in order to obtain human resources could actually be responsible da disiplin.Di developed countries, more equitable system of recruitment compared to here. Here (our country), who wants to work should have a 3D (Duit, Dekking (people in), or Shaman). Therefore I hope it can be changed immediately, and soon our country into the developed world too!
Jumat, 17 Juni 2011
History Stories Ezio Auditore
When compared to its predecessor, a lot of changes in Assassins Creed 2. Gameplay more exciting, Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a complex, full of conspiracy yangg Rainaissance setting, and historical flavor to the story away.Here Ezio Auditore not act alone to continue his father's struggles as a vigilante assassin, but also action-packed adventure day and night there will be many helping hand from other characters.
The characters who are Non-Player Character (NPC) in the form of escort Thief, Barbarian, and Prostitutes that can be utilized as a 'lubricant' missions are more challenging.
Money Is Everything
In Assassins Creed II money can be very useful. For example, we can use it to buy the cloak of war, drugs, and better weapons upgrade.
In addition, money can also be used to distract the heavily armed guards by throwing coins into the street, or even bribing preacher who called Ezio as the most wanted people in the city.
Efforts Revenge
Like the heroic stories in general, the background of the stories in Assassins Creed 2 is revenge.
Ezio family vilified as a rebel. My father and three brothers soon reunited with the gallows after being betrayed by a close relative of her father.
The brain behind all that was Borgia, the pope Catholic candidate who becomes the target to be sent to 'hell' by Giovanni Auditore, Ezio biological father.
Assassins Creed 2 contradiction of most of the film and gaming in general is, Ezio character exploration that we begin to recognize since the young with an unstable adolescence.
Hal tersebut terus Uberkembang to the growth of whiskers and facial hair grow on Ezio, who increasingly make it wise. And it's twenty years later before he carry out his last mission, hunting down Borgia.Based on the experience gained in the game Assassins Creed II, I could not wait until November, because there will be many surprising innovations from Ubisoft for Assassins Creed: Brotherhood.
Pros:
+ Weapons and action varies
Stories + weighted
+ There is a Leonardo Da Vinci
+ AI more complex
+ Side Quest Gameplay and full of innovation
Skill + Low Profile Ezio kill the opponent is very effective
Disadvantages:
+ Improved the graphics were not significant
Sound + standard
Selasa, 14 Juni 2011
Sejarah Video Game
Sejarah Hiburan Video Game
Sejarah Hiburan Video Game Generasi Pertama:
Tahun 1951, di Bronx, New York, ada seorang insinyur televisi yang bernama Ralp Baer memahami ide untuk sebuah televisi interaktif. Dan di tahun 1966, Ralp Baer menggali idenya lebih lanjut dan menciptakan sebuah permainan vidio (video game) yang sederhana untuk dua orang pemain yang dapat diperlihatkan di televisi. Paermainan ini bernama “Chase” dimana terdapat dua titik yang saling mengejar disekitar layar. Setelah pendemonstrasian ke direktur perusahaan “R&D” yang bernama Herbert Campman, beberapa dana dialokasikan dan proyek tersebut membuat sebuah “pejabat”. Bill Harrison membawa dewan pengurus, dan sebuah “senjata cahaya” (light gun) telah dibuat dari senapan mainan. Dimana senapan mainan itu membidik sebuah target yang dijalankan oleh pemain lain.
Bill Rusch ikut serta dalam proyek tersebut untuk mempercepat perkembangan dan tak lama kemudian mesin pengontrol titik (machine control dot) ketiga digunakan untuk menciptakan permainan ping-pong. Dengan tambahan dana, beberapa permainan diciptakan, dan Baer mempunyai ide untuk menjual produknya ke perusahaan TV kabel (Cable TV Companies) yang dapat mengirimkan gambar statis sebagai latar belakang permainan. Sebuah bentuk dasar (prototype) di demonstrasikan pada bulan Februari 1968 ke Wakil President “Teleprompter” yang bernama Hubert Schlafly yang menandatangani peretujuan dengan Asosiasi Sanders (Sanders Associates) tempat Ralp Baer bekerja. Pada saat akhir tahun 60-an, dan awal tahun 70-an, perusahaan TV kabel mengalami kemerosotan dan kekurangan dana yang berarti jalan lainnya harus dikejar.
Perkembangan berlanjut kearah hardware dan hasil final permainan di bentuk dasar “Brown Box”, dimana mempunyai dua kontrol yaitu senjata cahaya dan “16 tombol” (sixteen switch) di dalam konsol untuk memilih permainan. Baer mendekati beberapa perusahaan televisi amerika, dan persetujuan akhinya ditandatangani dengan Magnavox di akhir 1969. Setelah Brown Box diubah menurut kemampuan dana Magnavox, pada bulan May tahun 1972, Brown Box tersebut dijual ke masyarakat umum dengan nama Magnavox Odyssey. Bernama Nolan Bushnell melihat demonstrasi Magnavox Odyssey di tahun 1971, dan mempekerjakan Al Alcorn, untuk membuat versi petualangan dari permainan ping-pong milik Odyssey dengan menggunakan logika transistor-transistor yang bernama “Pong”. Permainan video rumah (home video game) mencapai puncaknya setelah keluarnya permainan versi rumah Pong di natal tahun 1975.
Sejarah Hiburan Video Game Generasi ke- 2:
Permainan vidio konsol (video game consol) kedua kadang disebut juga sebagai “awal era 8 bit”. Di pertengahan tahun 1970-an, penggunaan cartridge diikuti dengan kemajuan CPU(Central Processing Unit) sebagai dasar konsol. Dengan permainan yang sekarang terdiri dari mikro prosesor (microprocessor) berbasis kode, permainan ini dimasukkan kedalam kepingan (chips) ROM (Read Only Memory) yang tertempel didalam tempat plastik cartridge yang dapat dimasukkan kedalam celah (slot) di konsol. Ketika cartridge di masukkan kedalam konsol, maka tujuan utama mikro prosesor di dalam konsol adalah membaca memori dari cartridge dan menjalankan program yang tersimpan disana.
Di bulan agustus 1976, Fairchild Semiconductor merilis “Fairchild VES” dimana meruapakan konsol permainan video pertama di dunia yang menggunakan CPU dan memperkenalkan format penyimpanan kode permainan berbasis cartridge. Ketika Atari merilis VCS di tahun berikutnya, Fairchild cepat-cepat merubah nama menjadi “Fairchild Channel F”.
Tahun 1977, Atari merilis konsol berbasis CPU dengan nama Video Computer System (VCS), dan kemudian dipanggil dengan nama Atari 2600. Tahun 1978, Magnavox merilis konsol berbasis CPU dengan nama Odyssey 2 di Amerika dan Kanada. Philips Electrinic merilis konsol permainan yang sama sebagai Philips G7000 di beberapa negara Eropa, walaupun tidak sepopuler Atari. Tahun 1979, Activision diciptakan oleh bekas progamer Atari yang tidak puas. Di tahun 1980, Intellivision diperkenalkan oleh Mattel. Walaupun kronologis datangnya masih jauh sebelum “era 16 bit”, tetapi Intellivision mempunyai prosesor yang unik dengan intruksi panjang 10 bit, dan panjang register 16 bit. Popularitasnya menjulang tinggi berdampingan dengan Atari 2600.
Tahun 1982, muncul 3 konsol baru, yaitu Emerson Arcadia 2001, Vectrex, dan Coleco Vision. Vectrex paling unik diantara yang sudah ada, dengan tambahan prafik vektor, dan mempunyai layar sendiri. Arcadia dan Coleco Vision juga merupakan mesin yang canggih. Awalnya cartridge hanya 2 KB ROM untuk Atari 2600 dan 4 KB untuk Intellivision. Batas limit tertinggi ini berkembang dari tahun 1978 sampai tahun 1983, sampai 16 KB untuk Atari 2600 dan Intellivision, 32 KB untuk Cokeco Vision.
Sejarah Hiburan Video Game Generasi ke-3:
Dalam sejarah komputer dan video games, generasi ke 3 dimulai pada th 1983 oleh Jepang melalui peluncuran Famicom yang sekaran dikenal sebagai Nintendo Entertainment Sistem. Generasi ini adalah generasi yang pertama setelah video game meledak pada tahun 1983 dan dipertimbangkan sebagai era modern game hiburan yang pertama. Di beberapa Negara hiburan video games di era ini menjadi yang pertama dengan angka penjualan yang tinggi. Walaupun generasi yang sebeumnya telah menggunakan 8-bit processor, itu menjadi yang terakhir dimana hiburan rumah yang pertama berlabelkan oleh “bits”.
The Famicom (Family Computer) menjadi sangat populer di Jepang setelah era ini dan mengakhiri keramaian dan persaingan hiburan lainnya di era ini. Famicom American counterpart, Nintendo Entertainment System, mendominasi pasaran games di Amerika utara. Walaupun Nintendo Entertainment System telah mendominasi pasaran Amerika utara, tetapi Sega Master System telah membuat terobosan besar di Brazil dan Eropa dan NES (Nintendo Entertainment System) tdak akan pernah bias untuk menghancurkan genggaman SEGA tersebut.
Pada akhir dalam generasi ke tiga, Nintendo telah memperkenalkan Game Boy, dimana dirancang sedemikian mungkin hingga hamper cukup meggunakan satu tangan saja untuk mengoperasikannya. Dan proses ini dilakukan untuk mendominasi penyebaran di pasar untuk 15 tahun. Selama produk Game Boy telah melakukan penambahan dan pembagusan setiap tahunnya, sampai Game Boy Micro dan Nintendo DS, dan sebagian Game Boy Color, semua produk Game Boy Color telah menemukan kecocokkan dengan original released di tahun 1989.
Generasi ketiga ini telah melirik permainan role-playing video games atau yang sering kita dengar sebagai RPG’s. Editing dan cencorship dari video games telah sering / banayk digunakan untuk menyetempatkan game-game Jepang di Amerika Utara. Pada era ini, banyak video-video games terkenal yang memonopoli setiao waktu seperti yang kita temukan. Beberapa contohnya yaitu sperti Super Mario Bros, Final Fantasy, The Legend of Zelda, Dragon Quest, Metroid, Mega Man, Metal Gear, Castlevania, Phantasy Star dan Bomberman.
Generasi ini sering salah diketahui sebagai generasi pertama seperti apa yang kita lihat pada awal industri video games yang kita ketahui sekarang.
Sejarah Hiburan Video Game Generasi ke-4:
Dalam sejarah computer dan video games, generasi ke-empat dimulai pada tanggal 30 Oktober 1987 dengan dirilisnya Nippon Electric Company (NEC) PC Engine. Meskipun NEC telah dirilis sebagai yang pertama pada generasi ke empat, namun di era ini tetap didominasi oleh persaingan Nintendo dan Sega, Super Nintendo dan Sega Mega Drive. Beberapa perusahaan hiburan lainnya juga mulai hadir pada generasi ini, salah satunya adalah Neo Geo, salah satu yang cukup berhasil.
Generasi ke-empat merupakan era dimana pembelian dilakukan melalui import dari US dan mulai menyebar di Eropa. Pada saat ini jugan Kepopuleran SNES games dimulai, dengan fakta bahwa PAL telah hadir dengan 50 Hz refresh rate dan dengan 625 garis vertical resolusi, sebanding dengan 525/480 pada NTSC.
Fakta ini berarti bahwa game desain pada NTSC terlalu standart tanpa ada modifikasi, dan berjalan 17% lebih lambat dan akan ada ruang hitam di bagian atas dan bawah televisi pada saat dimainkan di PAL televisi.
Sejarah Hiburan Video Game Generasi ke-5:
Bagian kelima-generasi era (yang lebih dikenal sebagai era 32 bit, dan kadang-kadang, setelah pelepasan dari Nintendo 64, 64 bit era dan lebih jarang pada era 3D) merujuk ke komputer dan permainan video, video game konsol, dan video permainan Genggam tersedia pada akhir abad 20. Generasi kelima yang berlangsung dari sekitar 1993 sampai 2002 dan didominasi oleh tiga konsol, yang Sega Saturn (1994), yang Sony PlayStation (1994), dan Nintendo 64 (1996). Demografi di konsol penjualan bervariasi luas, namun tiga konsol tersebut, khususnya PlayStation, ditetapkan sistem perang zaman ini. 3DO, yang Amiga CD-32, dan Atari Jaguar juga bagian dari era ini, tetapi mereka yang miskin dan penjualan mereka gagal untuk membuat dampak yang signifikan terhadap pasar. Pada era ini kita juga dapat melihat perubahan versi dari Nitendo’s Game Boy : Game Boy Color , Game Boy Light (Japan only), and Game Boy Pocket . Era juga melihat tiga versi update dari Nintendo ‘s Game Boy: Game Boy Color, Game Boy Ringan (hanya di Jepang), dan Game Boy Pocket.
Penilaian untuk konsol besar jatuh oleh tepi jalan selama era ini, dengan pengecualian terkemuka dari Nintendo 64 dan berat penggunaan referensi untuk 64-bit pemrosesan daya dari Atari Jaguar di iklan. Jumlah “bit” dikutip dalam konsol nama sebagaimana dimaksud CPU kata ukuran dan telah digunakan oleh staf pemasaran hardware sebagai “menunjukkan kekuasaan” selama bertahun-tahun. Namun, ada sedikit yang bisa diperoleh dari peningkatan kata jauh melebihi ukuran 32 atau 64 bit sekali karena telah mencapai tingkat ini, kinerja lebih bervariasi bergantung pada faktor, seperti kecepatan prosesor jam, bandwidth, dan ukuran memori.
Bagian kelima generasi juga melihat naiknya emulasi. Selama periode ini, umumnya tersedia komputer pribadi menjadi cukup kuat untuk meniru 8 dan 16-bit sistem dari generasi sebelumnya. Selain itu, perkembangan Internet bisa dibuat untuk menyimpan dan men-download ROM dan pita gambar dari permainan lama, akhirnya terkemuka 7 generasi konsol (seperti Xbox 360, Wii, PlayStation 3, dan PlayStation Portable) untuk membuat lebih banyak tersedia permainan untuk membeli atau mendownload.
Bagian ini memerlukan tambahan citations untuk verifikasi. keputusan ini atas dasar bahwa mereka akan memberikan permainan pendek beban kali lipat dari sebuah Compact Disk (dan akan menurunkan pembajakan).
Sejarah Hiburan Video Game Generasi ke-6:
Generasi ke 6 mengenai computer, video games dan console game yang ada pada abad ke-21. Di generasi ke 6 ada beberapa jenis console game seperti : Sega’s DreamCast, Sony Playstation 2, Nintendo Gamecube, dan Microsft Xbox. Generasi ke 6 dimulai pada saat tanggal 27 November 1998 dengan dirilisnya DreamCast, selanjutnya dikeluarkannya console Playstation 2 saat Maret 2000. Sedangkan untuk console Gamecube dan Xbox mulai dipasarkan sekitar bulan September dan November.
DreamCast
Pada awalnya DreamCast sangat berhasil dalam peluncurannya, console ini membantu mengembalikan reputasi Sega’s karena console yang dibuat Sega’s sebelumnya seperti Sega Saturn, Sega 32x, dan Sega Mega CD telah gagal. Sega’s telah memutuskan menggunakan alat GD-ROM( atau yang sering dikenal dengan CD-ROM ) untuk media penyimpanan yang lebih murah namun tidak bisa dibandingkan dengan kemampuan DVD yang digunakan oleh Playstation 2.
Playstation 2
Playstation 2 telah menggunakan DVD dan telah mencocokan dengan game-game dari Playstation yang terdahulu. Sony Computer Entertaiment melindungi perjanjian untuk game-game seperti : Final Fantasy X, GTA III, Metal Gear Solid 2, dan Kingdom Hearts.
Xbox
Salah satu kemampuan dari Xbox yaitu dapat memasukan music dari CD ke dalam hard drive, kemampuan ini hanya ada didalam Xbox, penjualannya bisa dikatakan berhasil namun penjualan Xbox di Jepang kurang begitu memuaskan, hal ini disebabkan karena Microsoft tidak mampu menjalin kerjasama dengan pengembang game-game di Jepang.
Gamecube
Seperti halnya Xbox, Gamecube juga dapat dimainkan secara online ( salah satu game online Gamecube yang terkenal yaitu, Star Online). Di akhir generasi ke 6 Nintendo Gamecube menempati tempat ke-2 di Jepang, di Australia, Eropa, dan Amerika Gamecube hanya bias menempati tempat ke-3.
Dalam dunia game Microsoft Xbox menggunakan 32 bit dengan set instruksi yang sama dari inti Coppermine Mobile Celeron, walaupun telah berkurang cache memori (128 kB) dari setara PC. Xbox juga memiliki 64 MB RAM, 733 MHz dan setara dengan GeForce 3 untuk computer. Sedangkan untuk Nintendo Gamecube setara dengan 485 MHz, masalah grafiknya setara dengan ATiRadeon 7200 dan memiliki 32 MB RAM.
Sejarah Hiburan Video Game Generasi ke-7:
Dalam sejarah video game , generasi ketujuh , generasi video game sekarang ini. Terfokus dalam pembuatan sarana atau alat game yang dirilis pada tahun 2004 oleh Nintendo, Microsoft dan Sony.
Alat yang bersifat pribadi dan dioperasikan sendiri, generasi ketujuh ini dimulai dari 22 November 2005 dengan dirilisnya Microsoft’s Xbox 360 dan diikuti oleh Sony’s Playstation 3 pada 11 November 2006 dan Nintendo’s Wii pada 19 November 2006. Masing-masing sarana permainan yang baru memperkenalkan type terbaru dalam teknologi. Sebagai contoh, Xbox 360 dan Playstation 3 menawarkan tampilan atau grafik dengan kualitas tinggi, pada saat yang sama Nintendo’s Wii fokus pada pengendali atau biasa yang disebut joystick dengan menggunakan sensor gerak. Ketiga saran permainan di atas mempunyai joystick tanpa kabel atau yang disebut dengan wireless.
Nintendo’s Wii dapat menggunakan teknologi Wi-fi. Sedangkan Sony’s Playstation dapat digunakan secara portable untuk memudahkan menggunakannya dan tanpa membutuhkan tempat yang besar.
Xbox 360
Microsoft’s Xbox 360 mencapai puncak permintaan pasar karena ada nilai plus dari yang lain. Xbox 360 dirilis lebih awal dari pada rivalnya seperti Sony dan Nintendo. Xbos 360 mempunyai kelemahan yang biasa disebut dengan “Red Ring of Death” yang terjadi pada sistemnya. Oleh sebab itu pihak Microsoft memberikan garansi 3 tahun pada pemakai agar dapat memperbaikai segala kerusakan yang diakibatkan oleh system secara gratis. Model terbaru dari Xbox 360 telah dipatenkan daripada yang sebelumnya, mengurangi panas (tidak cepat panas) dan gagal system. Dalam memproduksi Xbox, tidak memmbutuhkan biaya yang mahal karena masih menggunkan teknologi DVD.
Video Output : RGB, VGA, Component, S-Video, Composite, SCART.
Playstation 3
Sony’s Playstation 3 dirilis pada tanggal 11 November 2006 dengan harga yang lebih mahal daripada rivalnya Xbox. Playstation mempunyai dydtem terbaru seperti Cell Microprocessor dan Blue Ray. Penggunaan Blue Ray sangat menguntungkan konsumen karena disc yang dipakai bisa tahan lama.
Video Output : HDMI, RGB, Component, Composite, S-Video, SCART
Wii
Nintendo memasuki generasi ini dengan pendekatan baru dalam Wii Console. Wii lebih memilih peningkatan kepuasan melalui interaksi pemakai dari pada menggunakan teknologi terbaru. Teknologi yang dipakai oleh Wii adalah sensor gerak yang dapat memnudahkan pemakai memainkan game. Persentase penjualan Wii lebih besar dari pada Xbox dan Playstation 3
Video Output : D-Terminal, RGB, Component, Composite, S-Video, SCART
Gambar konsol video game generasi pertama:
Magnavox Odyssey
Gambar konsol video game generasi ke-2:
Atari 5200
Intellivision
Gambar konsol video game generasi ke-3:
Nintendo Entertainment System (NES)
Atari 7800
Gambar konsol video game generasi ke-4:
Gambar konsol video game generasi ke-5:
Playstation
Sega Saturn
Gambar konsol video game generasi ke-6:
Playstation 2
Gambar konsol video game generasi ke-7:
Plyastation 3
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